[qt5-location] Add patch for missing include

[rremilian]

Fixes #47481

• Changes comply with the maintainer guide.
• SHA512s are updated for each updated download.
• The "supports" clause reflects platforms that may be fixed by this new version.
• Any fixed CI baseline entries are removed from that file.
• Any patches that are no longer applied are deleted from the port's directory.
• The version database is fixed by rerunning ./vcpkg x-add-version --all and committing the result.
• Only one version is added to each modified port's versions file.

See https://bugs.gentoo.org/885431 and https://codereview.qt-project.org/c/qt/qtlocation-mapboxgl/+/446790/3..5//COMMIT_MSG#b11

[BillyONeal]

I wrote a more complete version of this in #47326 so I'm going to resolve the conflict in favor of taking that one. (Nitpick-ish: I used <stdint.h> rather than <cstdint> because the uses didn't have std:: on them)