1486 Modernizations and minor fixes in core C++ library

[reneSchm]

Changes and Information

Please briefly list the changes (main added features, changed items, or corrected bugs) made:

• Replace is_expression_valid clauses using the requires keyword.
• Replace several SFINAE constructions with concepts or if constexpr constructions.
• Update some includes and include guards.

If need be, add additional information and what the reviewer should look out for in particular:

• This PR actively avoids making feature changes.
• Changes are (mostly) restricted to cpp/memilio.
• Most changes were implemented as recommended by clang-tidy, with occasional manual improvements.
• Updates to index.h are already included in 1460.
• parameter_set.h could potentially use a partial restructure, so changes to it in this PR are minimal.

Merge Request - Guideline Checklist

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Checks by code author

• Every addressed issue is linked (use the "Closes #ISSUE" keyword below)
• New code adheres to coding guidelines
• No large data files have been added (files should in sum not exceed 100 KB, avoid PDFs, Word docs, etc.)
• Tests are added for new functionality and a local test run was successful (with and without OpenMP)
• Appropriate documentation within the code (Doxygen) for new functionality has been added in the code
• Appropriate external documentation (ReadTheDocs) for new functionality has been added to the online documentation
• Proper attention to licenses, especially no new third-party software with conflicting license has been added
• (For ABM development) Checked benchmark results and ran and posted a local test above from before and after development to ensure performance is monitored.

Checks by code reviewer(s)

• Corresponding issue(s) is/are linked and addressed
• Code is clean of development artifacts (no deactivated or commented code lines, no debugging printouts, etc.)
• Appropriate unit tests have been added, CI passes, code coverage and performance is acceptable (did not decrease)
• No large data files added in the whole history of commits(files should in sum not exceed 100 KB, avoid PDFs, Word docs, etc.)
• On merge, add 2-5 lines with the changes (main added features, changed items, or corrected bugs) to the merge-commit-message. This can be taken from the briefly-list-the-changes above (best case) or the separate commit messages (worst case).

Closes #1486